4.10, 4.11 EXAM QUESTIONS mark scheme

1.	(a)	electrophilic substitution;	1
	cone HN03;	1
cone H2SO4 either or both cone missing scores one for both acids;	1
(b)	Sn or Fe/HCl (cone or dil or neither);	1
(ignore extra NaOH)
Sn or Fe/H2SO4 (dil or neither)
(not HNO3 at all)
or H2/Ni
(not NaBH4/ LiAlH4 or Na/C2H5OH)

	1
(c)	77 or 92;	1 
(d)

	1
(allow -NH3+)
(e)	G

	H	1

		1
[9]

2.	(a)	CH3OH + CH3CH2COOH ® CH3CH2COOCH3 + H2O	1
(b)	(nucleophilic) addition–elimination NOT acylation	1
	4
M3 for structure
M4 for 3 arrows and lone pair
ignore use of Cl– to remove H+
(c)	

allow C2H5 and –CO2–
allow CH3CH2COOCOCH2CH3
	or (CH3CH2CO)2O	1 
(d)	(i)	faster/not reversible/bigger yield/purer product/no(acid) (catalyst)
required	1
(ii)	anhydride less easily hydrolysed or reaction less violent/exothermic
no (corrosive) (HCl) fumes formed or safer or less toxic/dangerous
expense of acid chloride or anhydride cheaper	1
any one
(e)	(i)	C8H8O2	1
(ii)	any two from

Allow –CO2– allow C6H5 
	2
[12]

3.	(a)	butanoyl chloride	1
 
(b)	(i)	Cl has (two) isotopes or 35Cl and 37C1	1
(ii)	106 and 108	1

(c)	(nucleophilic) addition-elimination, penalise electrophilic ...not esterification	1

		4
	M3 for structure
M4 for 3 arrows and lone pair
(only allow for correct M3 or close)
	M2 not allowed independent of Ml,
but allow Ml for correct attack on C+ if M2 shown as independent first.
[8]

4.	(a)	5 (1)	1
(b)	2:2:2:3:3 (1)
any order but not multiples
		1 
(c)	 (1)	1
(d)	CH3CH2 or C2H5 or ethyl (1)
d4.13 (quartet) : CH2 peak split by CH3 / next to CH3 (1)
d1.26 (triplet) : CH3 peak split by CH2 / next to CH2 (1)	3

(e)	CH2CH2 (1)	1 
(f)	(2)
allow (1) for CH3COCH2OCOCH2CH3
or CH3COOCH2COCH2CH3
Must be C7H12O3
		2
[9]

5.	(a)	C=O (1)	1
or “carbonyl” 
(b)	(i)	Cl has (2) isotopes (1)
Allow 35Cl and 37Cl without word isotope – but must be correct isotopes
must have 3 different elements, i.e. not C3H7+ but allow balanced equation including C3H7+ for the equation mark
(ii)	Fragmentation:  (1)
must be an ion (*)
Equation: C4H7ClO+· ®  + C2H4Cl· (1)	3
(*) allow C2H3O+ or any form of it (i.e. CH2CHO+ or CH2COH+) in equation, be generous with position of + or ·
if fragment ion completely wrong (not m/z = 43) no further marks
(c)	(i)	CDCl3 or CCl4 (1) or D2O, C6D6
(ii)	Si(CH3)4 (1) or SiC4H12	2
(d)	
	Peak 1	Peak 2	Peak 	
Integration value	3	3	1	
Splitting pattern	doublet	singlet	quartet	
Number of adjacent, non-equivalent protons	1	0	3	
	(1)	1 
(e)	 (1)	1
or CH3COCHClCH3
(f)	
	 (1)	1
[9]

 
6.	(a)	 (1)	1
(b)	Name of mechanism: (nucleophilic) addition- elimination (1)
	Mechanism: 

		5 
(c)	CH3CH2COOCH2CH3+· ® CH3CH2C+=O (1)+ CH3CH2O·
equation (1)
		2
(d)	CH3CH2CH2COOCH3 or (CH3)2CHCOOCH3 (1)
Allow C3H7COOCH3
		1
[9]
7.	(a)	(i)	molecular formula  (1)
(ii)	13C isotope  (1)	2

(b)	(i)	(CH3)2CHCOCH3+·  ®  (CH3)2CHCO+ + H3
        (1) 	(1)	(1)
(ii)	Structure 1	Structure 2
   CH3CO+	(CH3)2CH+
(1) 		(1)	5
 
(c)	two isotopes  (1)
C3H735Cl = 78    C3H737Cl = 80  (1)
relative abundances  35Cl:37Cl = 3:1  (1)	3
[10]

8.	(a)	2-chloropropanoic acid (1)	1
(b)	d1.72 Doublet \ next to CH (1)
d4.44 Quartet \ next to CH3 (1)	2 
(c)	Two triplets (1)	1
 
(d)	
Allow SN1		5 
(e)	(i)	 
(ii)	
(iii)	

Or anhydride
		3
[12]

9.	(a)	(i)	 + 2 [H] ® CH3CH(OH)CH2CH2CH3 (1)
or C5H10O	or C5H11OH 
(ii)	Name of mechanism: nucleophilic addition (1)
QoL
Mechanism:
 
(iii)	racemic (racemate) mixture formed (1)
OR explained e.g. 2 enantiomers in equal amounts	7
(b)	Fragment 1: 43 ; 43
Fragment 2: 71 ; 15
Any two × (1)
		2
[9]

10.	(a)	R: O-H (alcohols) (1)
		S: C=O or carbonyl (1)
		2 
(b)	aldehyde (1)	-CHO or RCHO (1)
		1
(c)	(i)	Reason 1: TMS inert or non-toxic or volatile / easily removed
Reason 2: single (intense) peak
	 peak of 12 protons
	 has 12 equivalent protons
	 all protons in same environment
OR
	 peak / signal upfield of others
	 highly shielded
	 more shielded
	 peak away from others or d = 0 or low
not solvent, not cheap
any 2 reasons × (1)
 
(ii)	Solvent: CDCl3 or CCl4 (NOT D2O)
Reason: proton free (1)
	 allow no hydrogens (atoms)
NOT H+ / hydrogen ions
		4 
(d)	(i)	 (1)
(ii)	–OH (1)
(iii)	–CH2–CH2– (1)	3
 
(e)	 (1)	1
[11]

11.	(a)	(i)	HCN  or  KCN/HCl  (1)
nucleophilicaddition  (1)
(ii)	C4H8O          ®        C5H9NO
Mr = 72  (1)               Mr   = 99  (1)
If MF shown lose 1 for wrong Mr.
If no MF shown max 2 if Mr wrong
5g	®          × 99  (1)     (= 6.88g)
64% yield  =  0.64 ×  × 99  =  4.40g  (1)
(allow answer 4.36 – 4.42)	6
(b)	(i)	NaBH4  or  LiAlH4  or    or  Na/C2H5OH  (1)
(ii)	racemic mixture formed  (1)
or equal amounts of enantiomers
(iii)	butanone has peak at ~ 1700 cm–1  (1)
(but not at ~ 3350 cm–1)
B  has peak at ~ 3350 cm–1  (1)
(but not at ~ 1700 cm–1)	4 
(c)	

		4
(d)		1
[15]

12.	(a)	A is RCOOR¢ (1)
R + R¢ = 102 – 44 = 58 (1) º C4H10
\C5H10O2 (1)	3
(b)	2 : 2 : 3 : 3 (1)	1 
(c)	Two CH2CH3 groups present (1)	1
(d)	CCCOOCC (1)	1 
(e)	
Chemical shift, d/ppm	1.09	1.33	2.32	4.13	
Label of group	a (1)	d (1)	b (1)	c (1)	
		4
[10]

13.	(a)	(CH3)4 Si or tetramethylsilane  (1)	1
(b)	4  (1)	1
(c)	2 : 1 : 6 : 3  (1)	1
(d)	–CH2CH3  (1)
CH3 splits CH2 to form a quartet  (1)
CH2 splits CH3 to form a triplet  (1)	3
(e)	two equivalent CH3 groups  (1)	1
(f)		1
[8]

14.		(i)	CH3COOCH2CH3 or CH3COOC2H5 (1)
(ii)	3 (1)
(iii)	3 + 4 or triplet + quartet (1)	3
 
 [3]

15.	(a)	same molecular formula / same number of each type of atom (1)
	different arrangements of atoms (in the molecule)  (1)
(not just same structural formula)	2 
(b)	(i)	

	(1)	(1)	2
 
(ii)	43:	CH3CH2CH2+/ CH3C+HCH3 / C3H7+ (1)
29:	CH3CH2+ / C2H5+  (1)
15:	CH3+  (1)
(2 max if +ve sign omitted or –ve) (+ can be anywhere)	3
 
(iii)	Isomer 1 (dependent on candidate’s order)  (1)
Isomer 2 could not (easily) give peak at 29 / C2H5+  (1)	2

(c)	(i)	      (1)
      (1)	2 
(ii)	ester (1)
carboxylic acid  (1)
	names must be appropriate way round relative to (i)
these marks dependent on correct answers in (i)	2
[13]

16.	(a)	A	B
CH3COOH (1)	HCOOCH3
	or HOCH2(1)	2
(b)	C	D
CH3CH2CH2OH	CH3CH2–O–CH3 (1)
or CH3CH(OH)CH3 (1)		2
(c)	E	F
			2
(d)	G	H
CH3CH2CHO (1)	CH3COCH3 (1)	2 
(e)	I	J
		2 
(f)	K	L
one alkene e.g.	one cycloalkane e.g.
	
		2
[12]
17.	(a)	Name 	nucleophilic addition (1)
Mechanism
	5
(b)	(i)	Equation 	CH3COCH3 + 2[H] ® CH3CH(OH)CH3 (1)
Reducing agent 	NaBH4 (1) 
(ii)	

		6
[11]

18.	A	1715 cm–1	C=O group (1)
B	3350 cm–1	O–H group	alcohol (1)
A 
	two environments or two kinds of proton (1)
CH3CH2 adjacent or coupled (1)
ratio 2:3 or 4:6 (1) symmetric (1) 
[CH3CH2COCH2CH3]+. ® CH3CH2CO+ + CH3CH2. (1)
m/z = 86 (1)	(1)
or Mr for A

CH3CH2HCH2CH3 (1) and CH3HCH2CH2CH3 (1)
	both secondary (1)
hydration gives B and  
about 50% of each (1)
A ® B reduction
B ® C dehydration or elimination (1)
C is an alkene (1) cis/trans isomers (1)
D is a racemate (1) or optical isomers	any 20
[20]

19.	(a)	X (O–H) (alcohols)   penalise acid or missing “alcohol”	1
Y C=O   allow carbonyl	1
	4
NOT acid

(b)	

		3
Allow conseq dibromocompounds following incorrect unbranched alkenes 
NOT allow dibromocompound consequent on a duplicate alkene
NOT allow monobromocompounds if HBr added

	6:3:1 either next to correct structure or to none	1
	Allow a mark for identifying correct dibromocompound with three peaks
even if integration ratio is wrong	1
	if 6:3:1 missing or wrong, no marks for splitting	1
	Only award a mark for splitting if it is clear which integration number it
refers to	1
	6 singlet or drawn	1
	3 doublet or drawn	1
	1 quartet/quadruplet or drawn	1
[16]

 20.	(a)	(i)	3 peaks or shown in a list	1
m/z = 126, 128 and 130 (56 +70/72/74) (all 3 scores 2)	2
(if 56 wrong allow (x + 70/72/74) for1(x cannot be zero)
(any two scores 1) 
(ii)		3

(1)	(1)	(1)

(b)	(i)	optical	1
equal mixture of enantiomers	1
(optically) inactive or effects cancel	1
plane polarised light	use stereospecific reagent (QoL)	1
rotated in opposite/different 
directions (QoL)	reacts with one isomer only	1 
(ii)	carbocation	1
planar – (must refer to carbocation or intermediate)	1
attack from either side equally likely –
(must refer to carbocation /intermediate)	1
		7 max
 
(c)	(i)	2 peaks (if 4 peaks allow splitting only)	1
ratio 6:2 or 3:1	1
doublet (6 or 3)	1
quartet (2 or 1)	1 
(ii)	S	
		1
T	
	1
[19]

21.	(a)		1
	1
NB	The bonds shown in the structure must be correct
	Isomerism:     Geometric or cis-trans	1
If written answer is correct, ignore incorrect labelling of structures.
If no written answer, allow correctly labelled structures.
	Both COOH groups must be on the same side/ close together/ cis .	1
	No rotation about C=C axis	1
	Structure
	1 
(b)	Br2 / HBr / H2SO4 / H+ / Br+ / NO2+ (Mark M1)	4

NB If electrophile H+ / Br+ / NO2+ allow M1, M2 and M4
If the acid is incorrect, M2 and M3 can still be scored
Allow M4 consequentially if repeat error from part (a)

(c)	e.g. 2NaOH + HO2CCHCHCO2H ® NaO2CCHCHCO2Na + 2H2O
	Both H replaced	1
Balanced for atoms and charges	1
NB	Allow ionic equations and 2NaOH + C4H4O4 ®
	C4H2O4Na2+ 2H2O
	Allow one if structure incorrect but molecular formula
	correct
	Allow one for a correct equation showing one H replaced 
(d)	M1	Two peaks	1
M2	No splitting or singlets	1
M3	(Two) non-equivalent protons or two proton environments	1
M4	No adjacent protons	1
M5	Same area under the two peaks or same relative intensity	1
		Max 3
NB	Doublet could score M1 and M3 or M5 (Max 2)
	More than two peaks CE = 0
	Apply the “list principle” to incorrect answers if more
	than 3 given
[15]

22.	(a)	[CH3CH2CO]+	1
CH3CH2COCl + AlCl3     ® [CH3CH2CO]+ + AlCl4–	1
(Penalise wrong arrows in the equation or lone pair on Al
In the equation, the position of the + on the electrophile can be on O or C or outside square brackets,
Can score electrophile mark in mechanism if not previously gained)
	3
(Arrow for M1 must be to C or to the + on C
penalize + in intermediate if too close to C1 ;
horseshoe should extend from C2 to C6 )

(b)	m/z = 105 C6H5CO+	1
	m/z = 77 C6H5+	1
(not Wheland intermediate)
(Penalise missing + once)
Allow position of + on O or C of CO or outside [ ] for the fragment ion [C6H5CO]+
Allow position of + on H or C or outside [ ] for the fragment ion [C6H5]+
[C6H5COCH2CH3]+˙  C6H5CO+ + CH3CH2˙
(˙ must be on H or C of CH2 or outside bracket)
	(1) for molecular ion       (1) for RHS	2
Allow molecular formulae, i.e. C9H10O+ .  C7H5O+ + C2H5 . 
(c)	Nucleophilic addition	1
	1  Q contains asymmetric carbon or chiral centre or are chiral molecules
2  with 4 different groups/atoms attached (stated) 
not molecules attached
	3  planar C=O
4  attack from each side
5  equally likely or equal amounts of each isomer formed
6  Racemic mixture or racemate (Q of L)
7  of mirror images or enantiomers or d/l or +/– or R/S or drawn	max 6 
(d)	Conc H2SO4   or conc H3PO4 or Al2O3 or iron oxides      Not HCl or HBr	1
Geometrical or cis-trans	1
Double bond or C=C not just p cloud	1
(stated not just drawn)
	2 Different atoms/groups on each C (not molecules)	1
(stated not just drawn)
[20]

23.	X is methyl propanoate	1

	M1 for arrow and lone pair,	4
M2 for arrow
addition-elimination	1
 
	Spectrum 2	1
if thinks Spectrum 1 = X can only score for structure of Y
	Y is CH3COOCH2CH3	1
The two marks for explanation are awarded for discussing one or more of the	2
four peaks (not those for the CH3 of the ethyl groups)
for stated d values the integration or the splitting should be related to the
structure: e.g. structure of X shows that
	at d 3.7 – 4.1 (1) spectrum of X should have integration 3 / singlet (1)
or
	at d 2.1 – 2.6 (1) spectrum of X should have integration 2 / quartet (1)
	Spectrum 2 has these
[OR Spectrum 1 has
	at 3.7 – 4.1 (1) quartet / integration 2 (1) so not X
	at 2.1 – 2.6 (1) singlet / integration 3 (1) so not X]
[10]
 
24.	(a)	K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 reuced by
	CH3CH2CH2CH2OH (1)
	oxidised to	CH3(CH2)2CHO (1)
and	CH3(CH2)2COOH (1)
CH3CH2CH2CHO (1)
	oxidised to	CH3(CH2)2COOH (1)
Equation:	Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– ® 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (1)	6
Note: Deduct one if all three compounds given as reducing agents.
(b)	Tollens’ reduced by
	CH3CH2CH2CHO (1)
	oxidised to	CH3(CH2)2COOH (1)
Equation	[Ag(NH3)2]+ + e– ® Ag + 2NH3 (1)	3 

(c)	CH3CH2CH2CH2OH (1)
	Product	CH3CH2CH2CH2OOCCH3 (1)
(CH3)3COH
	Product	(CH3)3COOCCH3 (1)	4
 
(d)	CH3CH2CH2OH has five peaks (1)
(CH3)3COH has two peaks (1)	2
[15]

25.	(a)	3 Ketones:

	3: 2: 2: 3  (1)	6: 1: 3  (1)	6: 4 or 3: 2 (1)
6 
(b)	4 aldehydes:
	7
 
(c)	nucleophilic addition  (1)
equal  (1)  mixture of optical isomers  (1)
e.g 		4
 
(d)	Reagents are oxidizing agents  (1)
Aldehydes can be (easily) oxidized  (1)
Ketones are not (easily) oxidized  (1)	3
[20]

26.	Part (a) for each section:
	A totally wrong reagent scores zero
An incomplete reagent such as silver nitrate for Tollens, loses the reagent mark, but can get both observation marks.
A wrong reagent such as [Ag(NH3)2]2+ or bromide water loses the reagent mark and the next mark “gained”, i.e. can only score 1/3 if both observations correct
	If two test given and results given correctly for both compounds in both tests then full marks
If one test on A and a different test on B with only these results given
	if both results correct then score 2/3
	if either result wrong then score 1/3
if either test would not work as a distinction, then score 0/3
	If the candidate says A = ketone (or C = benzene), lose this mark.
	If the candidate omits the letters when referring to the pair of compounds,
e.g. says alkene decolourises / alkane no reaction penalise one mark only.

(a)	(i)	penalise observations which just say colour change occurs or only state starting colour
Tollens	[1]	Fehlings / Benedicts	[1]	Brady’s or 2,4-dnph	[1]	sodium	[1]	
No reaction A	[1]	no reaction A	[1]	no reaction A	[1]	bubbles or hydrogen A	[1]	
silver mirror or grey or ppt B	[1]	red or ppt B	[1]	(Yellow / orange) Xtals or ppt	[1]	no reaction B	[1]	
(not silver solution)	[1]	not red solution	[1]	not yellow / orange solution	[1]			

Carboxylic acid / H2SO4	[1]	Schiff’s	[1]	iodoform or I2 / NaOH	[1]	PCl5	[1]	
(sweet) smell A	[1]	no reaction A	[1]	yellow (ppt) A	[1]	(misty) fumes A	[1]	
no reaction B	[1]	goes pink B	[1]	no reaction B	[1]	no reaction B	[1]	
 (ii)
Bromine (water)	[1]	KMnO4	[1]	KMnO4 / H2SO4	[1]		[1]	
no reaction C	[1]	no reaction C	[1]	no reaction C	[1]		[1]	
decolourised D	[1]	goes brown D	[1]	goes colourless D	[1]		[1]	
not clear not discolour (is)ed								
(iii)	not just smell for E
an identified (hydrogen) carbonate	[1]	correct metal	[1]	UI or stated indicator	[1]	PCl5	[1]	
no reaction e	[1]	no reaction E	[1]	no change E	[1]	(misty) fumes E	[1]	
bubbles or CO2 F	[1]	bubbles or H2 F	[1]	red or correct colour F	[1]	no reaction F	[1]	
		note MAX 8 
(b)	F has absorption at 2500 - 3000 cm–1 (due to COOH) (1)
N.B. Qu asks “How fingerprinting is used” i.e. no marks for simply
stating fingerprint region unique.
Compare with (spectrum of) known compound or database (1)
(exact) match	3

(c)	major peak [CH3CO]+ (1)
m / z	43 (1)
CH3COOCH3+. ® CH3CO+ + OCH3. 
(1 for molecular ion)	(1 for correct other fragment)
	Alternative:
	major peak [CH3]+ (1)
m /z	15 (1)
CH3COOCH3+. ® CH3+ + CH3COO. or COOCH3. or C2H3O2. or C3H6O2+.
(1)	(1 for radical)
	If major peak wrong but possible e.g. CH3OO+ m/z = 59
no marks so far, but can score up to 2 for
CH3COOCH3+. ® CH3+ + CH3COO+ or +COOCH3 + CH3
1 for correct other fragment]
		4
[15]

27.	(a)	X contains >C=O (1)
if X and Y reversed lose this mark but allow remaining max 6/7
\ X is CH3CH2COOH (1)
\ Y is CH3CH2CH2OH (1)
\ A is  (1)

Conc H2SO4 : catalyst (1)	7
(b)		4

(c)		3.1 – 3.9 (1)
	2.1 – 2.6 (1)
a: quartet (1)  3 adjacent H (1)
b: triplet (1)  2 adjacent H (1)	6 
(d)	3269 cm–1 \OH  alcohol (1)
\ G is  (1)	2
	Notes
(a)	first mark for C=O stated or shown in X
Ignore wrong names
	Y CH3CH2CH2OH
allow C3H7 in A if Y correct or vice versa
Allow (1) for A if correct conseq to qrong X and Y
	other oxidising agents: acidified KMnO4; Tollens; Fehlings
	other reducing agents: LiAlH4; Na/ethanol; NiH2; Zn or Sn or Fe/HCl
(b)	give (1) for carboxylic acid stated or COOH shown in each suggestion
(1) for correct E
any 2 out of 3 for B, C or D
allow C3H7 for either the B or D shown on the mark schme
i.e. a correct structure labelled B, C or D or E will gain 2.
(c)	protons a – quartet must be correct to score 3 adjacent H mark. Same for b
(d)	allow (1) for any OH (alcohol) shown correctly in any structure – ignore extra functional groups. Structure must be completely correct to gain second mark
[19]
	Organic points
(1)	Curly arrows: must show movement of a pair of electrons,
i.e. from bond to atom or from lp to atom / space
e.g.

(2)	Structures
penalise sticks (i.e. ) once per paper

Penalise once per paper
	allow CH3– or –CH3 or  or CH3
    or   H3C–

28.	(a)	Identity of X; 2-methylpropene (1)
Absorption at 1650 cm–1 indicates an alkene present (1)
OR a chemical answer e.g. Br2 (aq) brown to colourless	2
(b)	Reagents
Step 1 KOH (allow NaOH) (1)	alcoholic (1)	warm (1)
Only allow solvent and warm if reagent correct
Step 2 HBr (1)
Mechanism:	A ® X

Or a carbocation mechanism
Mechanism	X ® B

		11
(c)	A gives three peaks (1)
B gives one peak (1)
Allow one for “A has more peaks than B” when no number of
peaks is given
		2
[15]

29.	B	1685 cm–1 ® C=O (1)
C	3340 cm–1 ® OH or alcohol (1)
D	1630 cm–1 ® C=C or alkene (1)
only 1,4-dimethylbenzene will give B as a single compound (1)

[18]

30.	A:	4 peaks  or  4 different environments  (1)
1 : 2 : 2 : 3  (1)  OH singlet  (1)  CH3  singlet  (1)
2 triplets  (1) CH2CH2 coupled  (1)
B:	4 peaks  or  4 different environments  (1)
1 : 2 : 2 : 3  (1)  OH singlet  (1)  OCH2O singlet  (1)
quartet + triplet  (1)  CH2CH3 coupled  (1)
C:	2 peaks or 2 different environments  (1)
2 : 6  or  1 : 3  (1)  CH3 groups equivalent  (1)
2 singlets  (1)  no coupling  (1)
[max 15]

31.	(a)	(i)	electrophile 	lone pair acceptor/electron deficient species / electron
	seeking group  / electron lover 
	(not just positive group / species) (1)
substitution	replacement / swap / substitution of one atom / group
	(in a molecule) by another atom / group (1)
	not molecules replaced	2 
(ii)	nitronium ion / NO2+ (1)
	HNO3+ +   H2SO4 ®  H2NO3+ +   HSO4  (1)
	H2NO3+ +   H2SO4 ®NO2+ +  H3O+ +  HSO4– (1)
	allow 1 mark for HNO3   +   H2SO4    ®   NO2+   +   HSO4    +   H2O
	allow 2 marks for HNO3    2H2SO4 ® NO2+ +  H3O+   +  2HSO4¯  
1 for species, 1 for balancing
mechanism shows attack by NO2+ with curly arrow from ring (1)
	appropriate intermediate with ‘+’ charge in centre of ring,
incomplete circle or 2 double bonds (1)
mark consequentially on electrophile given
	curly arrow from C–H bond to ring / deprotonation to give H+
final product must be nitrobenzene (1)	6 
(iii)	above 60 °C likelihood of multiple substitution 
/ nitration /  (1)	1
likely to carry on reacting
(b)	chlorine (1)
AlCl3 / FeCl3 / Fe / other suitable halogen carrier (1)
absence of sunlight / room temp / anhydrous (1)	3 

(c)	(i)	2-chloro(-2-)methylpropane / (2)methyl 2 chloropropane (1)	1
(ii)	compound D (1)
	all same type of protons / hydrogen are all in same (chemical)
environment / equivalent as they are all CH3 (1)	2
(iii)	compound C (1)
ratio = 6:2:1 (1)
	2 CH3 groups have 6 equivalent protons, CH2 has 2 protons,
CH 1 proton (1)	3
must say same type of proton / H
penalise first omission of ‘same type’ 
(iv)	appropriate unambiguous formula for either but-1-ene or but-2-ene (1)
appropriate unambiguous formula for the remaining structural isomer
allow 1 mark if candidate draws cis and trans but-2-ene (1)	2 
(v)	unambiguous structure for 2-methylpropan-1-ol – may be
from mechanism (1)
	curly arrow / attack by OH–         curly arrow from lone pair or
charge only (1)
do not allow if Na -OH 
	curly arrow from bond to Cl / dipole shown on
C-Cl bond / intermediate showing 3 full and 2 partial bonds to C (1)
	loss of Cl– 	NaCl or Na+:Cl– (1)
– not allowed		4
	if SN1 mechanism given: 
first mark as above - independent
second mark for correct carbocation formed including curly
arrow from C to Cl or CS+ –ClS –
	third mark for hydroxide attack as above
final mark not available (wrong mechanism)
penalise missing proton once only
[24]

32.	(a)	(M–R)+. Is a radial-cation (1) covalent bond breaks (1)
to form a cation (M+) (1) and a radical (R.) (1)	4 
(b)	Cl has a two isotopes (1)
CH3CH235Cl = 64 and CH3CH237Cl = 66 (1)
relative abundances 35Cl : 37Cl = 3 : 1 (1)
CH3CH2Cl+· ® CH3CH + Cl· (1)	4
(c)	ClCH2CH2Cl or 3 isotopic combinations possible (1)
C2H435Cl2 = 98 (1) C2H435Cl37Cl = 100 (1) C2H437Cl2 = 102 (1)	4
[12]

33.	(a)	A 	C6H14 (1) 		Ratio 12:2 or 6:1 (1)
B/C	C=O (1)	C5H10O (1)
CH3CH2CH2 CH3 (1) 	ratio 6:4 or 3:2 (1)
(1)	ratio 9:1	9 
(b)	Tollens (1) 	silver mirror with aldehyde (1)
		no reaction with ketone (1)
(or Fehlings  red ppt with aldehyde, no reaction with ketone)
Fingerprint region (1)
Exact match with standard (1)	5
(c)	3300cm–1 \ OH group in both (1)
1650cm–1 \ C=C in D (1)
\ D is CH2 = CH– CH2 CH2 CH2 OH (1)
(or others)
E is   etc (1)	4
[18]

34.	(a)	Region 1500–400 cm –1 (1)
unique for each compound (1)
compare spectrum with that of known compound (1)
exact match (1)	4
(b)	C5 esters
	 (2)
	 (2)
	 (2)
	T (alcohol) is CH3CH(OH)CH3 (2)
(3 peaks)
	U (acid) is CH3COOH (2)
(2 peaks)
T absorption at 3250 cm–1 confirms OH (alcohol) (1)
U absorption at 2900cm–1 confirms OH (acid) or at 1700 cm–1 confirms C=O (1)	max 11
[15]
 
35.	(a)	

	A = butanal
	B = methylpropanal
	C = butanone
	D = ethyl ethanoate  (1)
	Ignore numbers in names unless they make them incorrect
spellings must be correct
accept alternative trivial names correctly spelled	8
(b)	ethanol / correct formula  (1)
	ethanoic acid / ethanoyl chloride / ethanoic anhydride / correct formula  (1)
	temperature less than 100 °C / reflux heat / concentrated sulphuric acid  (1)
dilute sulphuric acid / acid conditions / H+
(this mark dependent on sensible answers for first two marks)
	for ethanoyl chloride, room temperature / dry / anhydrous
	for ethanoic anhydride, heat / up to 100 °C	3
 
(c)	 (1)
	butanoic acid	methylpropanoic acid  (1)	2

(d)	heat with Fehling’s solution / ammoniacal silver nitrate / Tollen’s reagent /
other suitable oxidising system eg acidified dichromate / Schiff’s reagent
	B gives red, green or brown (precipitate) / silver (mirror) or black/grey  (1)
precipitate / other, dependent on reagent
	C shows no change  (1)
	B and C can be referred to as ‘aldehyde’ and ‘ketone’ only if names correct 
in (a) or if there is some other valid identification	3
 
(e)	(i)	B
	two methyl groups / 6 Hs in identical chemical environments or  (1)
2 Hs in unique environments	2
(ii)	A
	four different chemical environments (for protons)  (1)
in (i) and (ii), second mark is dependent on first mark	2
(iii)	same number of hydrocarbon groups with same number of protons in each	1
 
(f)	nucleophilic addition  (1)

		(1) for intermediate		(1) for product
	allow –ve charge on N
but curly arrow must come from C	allow H from HCN or H2O	5
[26]